Skip to main content

Cookies on BBB.org

We use cookies to give users the best content and online experience. By clicking “Accept All Cookies”, you agree to allow us to use all cookies. Visit our Privacy Policy to learn more.

Manage Cookies

Select a Language

Share
Business Profile

Computer Software Developers

Bubble

This business is NOT BBB Accredited.

Find BBB Accredited Businesses in Computer Software Developers.

Complaints

Customer Complaints Summary

  • 21 total complaints in the last 3 years.
  • 9 complaints closed in the last 12 months.

If you've experienced an issue

Submit a Complaint

The complaint text that is displayed might not represent all complaints filed with BBB. Some consumers may elect to not publish the details of their complaints, some complaints may not meet BBB's standards for publication, or BBB may display a portion of complaints when a high volume is received for a particular business.

Sort by

Complaint status

Complaint type

  • Initial Complaint

    Date:08/17/2026

    Type:Billing Issues
    Status:
    AnsweredMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    I have cancelled this subscription with Bubble REMOVED4 months ago and still getting charged and they will not issue me a refund.

    Business Response

    Date: 08/26/2026

    We have reviewed the customers complaint and identified the account associated with the information provided. We've since canceled the applicable app subscription and confirmed the cancellation with the customer by email. We also reviewed the billing history associated with the identified account. The charges we were able to locate do not total the $300 disputed in the complaint; however, we have refunded the two charges associated with the account, totaling $106.70.

    We have contacted the customer directly to request additional information that would allow us to identify and investigate any other charges that may account for the remaining disputed amount. To date, we have not received a response or the requested information and are therefore unable to identify or verify any additional charges.

    At this time, the identified subscription has been canceled and all charges we were able to identify have been refunded. Absent additional information from the customer that enables us to identify and investigate any remaining disputed charges, we consider this matter resolved and closed. Should the customer provide the requested information, we remain willing to review further and investigate accordingly.

  • Initial Complaint

    Date:08/09/2026

    Type:Service or Repair Issues
    Status:
    ResolvedMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    Hello. This company for Bubble Cash states that you use words like bots or scams, but are actively doing that to its players. Bubble Cash advertises that you can make REAL money, REAL income, make this game your JOB, as advertised on tv and on REMOVEDbut if you start profiting they deliberately restrict your account so that you cannot play anymore. Several attempts to contact this company to rectify my account to give me my games back have led to blatant gaslighting, blatant disrespect, and outright lies.

    Business Response

    Date: 08/10/2026

    Hello,

    BBB forwarded this complaint to us (REMOVED). We want to respond quickly, because we believe it has reached the wrong company.

    The complaint concerns a product identified as "Bubble Cash," described as a mobile game in which users play for cash prizes.

    Bubble Group, Inc. operates REMOVED(website: REMOVED), a no-code software development platform used by businesses and individuals to build web and mobile applications. We do not offer games, contests, cash prizes, or any consumer product involving wagering or winnings. We have no account, order, or transaction associated with this complainant.

    Because we are not the subject company, we are not in a position to respond to the substance of the allegations, and we respectfully decline to do so. We ask that this complaint be closed as to Bubble Group, Inc. and, if you are able to identify the correct respondent, redirected accordingly so that the consumer can reach the company that can actually help them.

    Please let us know if you need anything from us to process the closure. We're glad to confirm our corporate details or business description.

    With thanks,

    Customer Answer

    Date: 08/10/2026

    Better Business Bureau:

    I have reviewed the response made by the business in reference to complaint ID REMOVED, and find that this resolution is satisfactory to me and the matter has been resolved.

    Sincerely,

    REMOVED



     

  • Initial Complaint

    Date:04/29/2026

    Type:Billing Issues
    Status:
    ResolvedMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    What are these charges for, I have never used Bubble. I have no idea what Bubble is or why there have been several attempts to charge my card for DIFFERING amounts. I will contact Cashapp about these fraud attempts and replace my card, but I NEVER SIGNED UP FOR ANYTHING CALLED BUBBLE.

    Business Response

    Date: 05/15/2026

    Hello, 

    Thank you for bringing this matter to our attention. We take reports of unauthorized charges seriously and have carefully reviewed the information provided in your complaint.
    After investigating, we were unable to locate any account, subscription, transaction, or customer record associated with your name, email address, or the payment information referenced. Additionally, the billing details shown in your screenshot do not match our companys billing descriptors or payment processing methods. Our company also does not accept or process payments through Cash App cards.

    Based on the information available, it appears these attempted charges were likely made by a different merchant using a similar name, and the complaint may have been directed to the wrong company.

    We recommend continuing to work with Cash App to dispute the attempted charges and block any unauthorized transactions. You may also wish to monitor your account for any further suspicious activity.

    We understand how concerning unauthorized payment attempts can be and appreciate the opportunity to clarify that our company was not involved in these transactions.

    Thank you, 

    Customer Answer

    Date: 05/15/2026

    Better Business Bureau:

    I have reviewed the response made by the business in reference to complaint ID REMOVED, and find that this resolution is satisfactory to me and the matter has been resolved.

    Sincerely,

    REMOVED



     

  • Initial Complaint

    Date:02/27/2026

    Type:Product Issues
    Status:
    ResolvedMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    So I originally signed up for the free trial of REMOVED. Then unfortunately I missed the time to cancel my membership January 22nd. But on January 22nd, I went into my account and canceled the membership. It said it would be active another month which is fine. But the issue is that I was charged again February 22nd despite me canceling the membership January 22nd. I reached out to the company and two things first they refused to believe there could possibly be a bug in their system. They kept talking about a free trial period and I am not disputing being charged January 22nd because I know I missed canceling. I was disputing the February charge. They kept going on with the free trial. Then when I responded back one time they said that my email wasn't associated with any account. Mind you we were already on an email chain discussing my issue then they respond that there isn't any information on it.Anyways, I would just like my money back for them charging me in February.

    Business Response

    Date: 03/02/2026

    Thank you for bringing this matter to our attention. We appreciate the opportunity to review the account history and clarify the billing timeline.

    Our system records indicate that the subscription renewed on February 22 at 5:51 PM ET. A cancellation request was submitted later that same day at 6:59:47 PM ET. Because subscription fees are billed in advance and automatically renew until cancellation is completed, the February REMOVEDaccordance with the billing terms accepted at signup.

    We understand that subscription timingparticularly when cancellation occurs close to a renewalcan sometimes cause confusion. While our records do not reflect a cancellation on January 22, we recognize that misunderstandings about subscription status can happen.

    With respect to communication history, we were unable to locate outreach from the email address listed in this complaint prior to February 24, when our team proactively contacted the customer after being notified of a bank dispute. At that time, we provided an explanation of the renewal and cancellation timestamps reflected in our system.

    Although the February 22 charge was processed in accordance with our terms and system logs, we understand the customers frustration. As a gesture of goodwill and exceptional courtesy, we have issued a refund for the February payment.

    We remain committed to transparent billing practices and providing customers with clear, accessible tools to manage their subscriptions. We appreciate the opportunity to clarify this matter.

    Customer Answer

    Date: 03/03/2026

    Better Business Bureau:

    I have reviewed the response made by the business in reference to complaint ID REMOVED, and find that this resolution is satisfactory to me and the matter has been resolved.

    Sincerely,

    REMOVED



     

  • Initial Complaint

    Date:02/17/2026

    Type:Billing Issues
    Status:
    AnsweredMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    On 10/8/2025 and 11/10/2025, Bubble automatically charged me $32 (a total of $64.00) via a 3rd-party wallet (Link by REMOVED) without my explicit consent for this subscription.When I tried to cancel, Bubble's site was technically broken, making cancellation impossible:Nov 7, 2025: Found no cancellation option. Emailed payment processor (Link) explicitly revoking authorization.Dec 1, 2025: Logged in to cancel. The dashboard was blank due to a "tax zip code" UI error, physically blocking the cancellation button.Dec 1, 2025: Forced to delete my entire account to stop billing. I immediately emailed Bubble demanding a refund; they ignored it.This violates Oregon Automatic Renewal Law (ORS 646A.295), which mandates an "easy-to-use mechanism for cancellation." Bubble's broken UI trapped me in a billing cycle. A company cannot enforce a contract when their software prevents the user from cancelling.

    Business Response

    Date: 02/24/2026

    Thank you for bringing this matter to our attention. We appreciate the opportunity to review the customers concerns and to clarify how billing and cancellation function for Bubble subscriptions.

    The customer activated a REMOVEDfree trial on September 23, 2025. At the time the trial was activated, the applicable trial and billing terms were clearly presented, including that the trial would automatically convert to a $32 paid subscription if not canceled before the trial period ended. Reminder emails were also sent prior to the trials conversion. A valid payment method, provided via Link by REMOVED, was required and authorized by the customer to activate the trial. The charges on October 7 and November 7, 2025 occurred as part of the subscription renewing in accordance with the billing terms the customer accepted at signup.

    REMOVEDis committed to providing users with clear and accessible ways to manage or cancel their subscriptions. At all relevant times, multiple cancellation options were available, including self-service cancellation through the account dashboard and application editor, as well as through direct assistance from our support team, as outlined in our Terms of Service. Our goal is always to ensure users can easily monitor and modify their billing, either independently or with help from our team.

    The customer indicates they contacted Link, a third-party payment provider, to revoke authorization. Because this communication was not sent to Bubble, we did not have visibility into it and were not given the opportunity to assist at that time. Additionally, the emails referenced in the complaint were sent to a clearly labeled no-reply address. An automated response was sent to the customer explaining that replies to that address are not monitored and directing them to our active support channels, where assistance - including cancellation support - is readily available.

    Regarding the referenced tax zip code notice, this message was informational in nature and did not prevent subscription cancellation. The page shown in the submitted image is not the page where cancellation occurs, and cancellation functionality remained available during that time.

    When the customer did ultimately reach our support team, they initiated deletion of their account and associated personal data on the same day. This action removed our ability to provide further assistance or follow-up, as there was no longer an active account or contact point available.

    All billing associated with this account was valid, authorized, and processed in accordance with our published terms and applicable law. We remain committed to transparent billing practices, accessible cancellation mechanisms, and continuous improvement of the user experience.

    We appreciate the opportunity to clarify the facts of this matter.

    Customer Answer

    Date: 02/24/2026

    Better Business Bureau:

    I have reviewed the response made by the business in reference to complaint ID# REMOVED, and have determined that my complaint has NOT been resolved because:

    The company has not taken any accountability or acknowledged I did not provide them my payment information, the did not respond to my request to cancel in November, nor December, and made it impossible to reach anyone (I tried many ways). They have refunded my money, but their predatory tactics need to be addressed. Im a tech savvy person and found a resolution but there are many who will not. I have screenshots of all interactions and attempts I made to try and contact them and cancel the service through the website. They didnt have my zip code because I didnt share my payment or personal information with them. Declaring its in the agreement is just another example of their predatory approach that doesnt allow you to cancel or speak with anyone. 
     

    In order for the BBB to appropriately process your response, you MUST answer the question above.


    Sincerely,

    REMOVED




     

    Business Response

    Date: 03/04/2026

    Thank you for the opportunity to respond to the customers follow-up comments.

    REMOVEDhas issued a full refund for the two subscription charges referenced in the complaint ($64 total). There is no remaining balance, no active subscription, and no further billing associated with the account.

    While we respectfully disagree with certain characterizations in the complaint, the financial component of the matter has been fully addressed.

    We would also like to clarify the additional concerns raised:

    1. Payment Authorization
    To activate a free trial, a valid payment method must be entered and authorized. In this case, payment credentials were provided through Link by REMOVEDduring the trial enrollment process.The October and November charges were processed through the  payment method authorized at signup.

    2. Cancellation Access & Website Functionality
    Bubble is committed to providing accessible cancellation mechanisms. At the time in question, users could cancel via:
    - REMOVEDcancellation in the account dashboard and application editor settings
    - Direct assistance through monitored support channels
    The referenced tax zip code notice was informational and did not disable or remove cancellation functionality. The screenshot previously provided reflects a page separate from the subscription cancellation interface. Cancellation tools remained available during the relevant timeframe.

    We understand the customers frustration and take feedback regarding user experience seriously. We continuously review and improve interface flows to ensure clarity and ease of use.

    3. Support Communications
    The customer indicates attempts to contact REMOVEDin November and December. The emails referenced were sent to an  unmonitored inbox. We did not receive a support request through our designated support channels prior to the deletion of the account. Once the customer deleted the account and associated personal data, our ability to further review or assist was limited due to the absence of an active account record.

    4. Billing and Cancellation Practices
    Our subscription and billing practices are designed to be transparent and easy to navigate. We take customer feedback seriously. We also continuously work to improve transparency and usability. 


    The charges disputed have been fully refunded, no active subscription remains, and no additional action is required. Bubble considers the matter resolved. 

  • Initial Complaint

    Date:01/02/2026

    Type:Product Issues
    Status:
    AnsweredMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    I started a free trial and used the app one day. I'll admit I forgot the app even existed as I went with another carrier. Yesterday, I received a $50 charge for the app that I NEVER USED. I, same day, contacted support requesting a refund. I explained that they overdrafted my bank and the money they took was supposed to be used for my family and dogs to eat today. They refused to give a refund despite me explaining not having that money would result in my family to STARVE. This morning my poor dog is begging for food and we have nothing. We just moved across the country due to a family medical emergency and our funds are slim to none. We are living in a camper to survive. This company, despite basically begging on my knees, has continued to show no remorse, with no acknowledgement to my situation, refuse to give a refund on a basis to be "fair". It isnt fair to me or my family we get to go hungry due to greed. Ive never seen a company deny a request due to not meeting certain criteria for a refund. No better. Actually CARE about your customers more than your wallet. I hope whoever received the last of my money enjoys their REMOVEDon the beach while we sit hungry. Fix your system and show slight compassion. Especially on a freaking holiday. I am at a loss for words in the response ive received. I will be happily sharing my experience with this company to my developer friends if this isnt resolved.

    Business Response

    Date: 01/14/2026

    Dear REMOVED

    Thank you for bringing your concerns to our attention. We understand that financial difficulties can be stressful, and we sincerely empathize with the challenges you described.

    We would like to clarify the circumstances regarding your transaction. When you started your 14-day trial on December 10, the trial terms were clearly presented at the time of activation. As outlined in those terms, subscriptions that are not canceled before the trial ends automatically convert to a paid plan. We also sent reminder emails during the trial period to notify you of the upcoming conversion. The $49 charge occurred because the trial converted to a paid subscription after no cancellation action was taken before it expired.

    When you first contacted us on January 1, we promptly assisted you with canceling the plan to prevent any future charges. Additionally, although our company has a clear no-refund policy, we had already made an exception as a courtesy due to your situation, and the refund was successfully issued before this complaint was received on our end. 

    We hope this clarifies the situation and demonstrates our commitment to our customers. We genuinely wish you and your family well.

  • Initial Complaint

    Date:12/26/2025

    Type:Delivery Issues
    Status:
    AnsweredMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    I placed an order with Bubble on December 3rd for two items. As of mid-December, the order had not shipped, so I attempted to contact the company multiple times via their customer support channels prior to Christmas and received no REMOVEDone point, I did receive a message indicating that one of the items was no longer in stock. I replied promptly requesting that the entire order be canceled, as the delay forced me to purchase an alternative Christmas gift for my niece. I did not receive any response to this cancellation request.Despite my clear request to cancel the order, I later received a shipping notification indicating that a single remaining item had been sent. I do not want this item and would not have kept any portion of the order had the company responded in a timely manner.I am filing this complaint due to the companys repeated lack of responsiveness, failure to honor a cancellation request, and poor customer service communication. I am seeking confirmation of cancellation and a full refund.

    Business Response

    Date: 01/05/2026

    I believe you have contacted the wrong Bubble. We do not ship physical goods, we are a REMOVEDcompany. Please reach out to the correct entity associated with your purchase. Best of lucky.

    Thank you,

    Bubble Support

  • Initial Complaint

    Date:10/07/2025

    Type:Customer Service Issues
    Status:
    ResolvedMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    I tried a free trial of Bubble. I didn't really use the app so requested cancellation on July 7th. Unbeknownst to me, Bubble continued to charge me for a monthly subscription. 4 months worth. I've asked for a refund and their customer service has said they will not refund me. this is ridiculous. I've uploaded an email where when the told me they were starting me on a paid subscription. I have since received correspondence that since I responded to an email and didn't go on their site to cancel, they will not honor the cancellation request. This is a money grab and I can't believe they will squabble over $124.

    Business Response

    Date: 10/08/2025

    Hi,

    Thank you for your inquiry. As previously indicated, the app was not cancelled via the appropriate channels, which is why the money wasn't refunded. As a gesture of goodwill, however, we have refunded the $124 at issue.

    Best,

    Bubble Support

    Customer Answer

    Date: 10/15/2025

    Better Business Bureau:

    I have reviewed the response made by the business in reference to complaint ID REMOVED, and find that this resolution is satisfactory to me and the matter has been resolved.

    Sincerely,

    REMOVED



     

  • Initial Complaint

    Date:09/23/2025

    Type:Service or Repair Issues
    Status:
    AnsweredMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    I signed up for a starter account with REMOVED. I discontinued because I had stopped using it. I got charged anyway. Their agent reimbursed the charges and I felt assured it was clear I should not have an active account - but I got recharged later and did not notice. Today, I was charged again. I complained and they reimbursed my charge. They indicated I could not be reimbursed for the earlier charge - that they only reimburse once - and now I'm seeing a double charge on the current account. Now I am concerned I am cycling through this process and will continue to be charged every month despite the fact that I have repeated attempts to cancel. I told them I'd like to resolve with them but that if I had to, I'd file a complaint. The chat has gone dormant despite the fact that I have kept the screen active, and no one is responding.Addition: I HAVE found now that the listing for active accounts is now zero. I'd still like to get full reimbursement for August.

    Business Response

    Date: 10/09/2025

    Thanks for your note. To clarify, you signed up for 2 plans but only canceled one. As a result, we initially issued 2 refunds (of 3 total charges) as they fell within our internal refund eligibility guidelines. In any event, as a gesture of goodwill, we have issued another refund for the remaining charge from August.




  • Initial Complaint

    Date:08/09/2025

    Type:Service or Repair Issues
    Status:
    AnsweredMore info

    Complaint statuses

    Resolved:
    The complainant verified the issue was resolved to their satisfaction.
    Unresolved:
    The business responded to the dispute but failed to make a good faith effort to resolve it.
    Answered:
    The business addressed the issues within the complaint, but the consumer either a) did not accept the response, OR b) did not notify BBB as to their satisfaction.
    Unanswered:
    The business failed to respond to the dispute.
    Unpursuable:
    BBB is unable to locate the business.
    I unfortunately ended up getting charged for a monthly subscription free while not using the app ever when an automatic subscription started. I never even did one thing on the program and was charged for 9 months worth of the subscription. When I reached out I asked not even for a refund, but for those months or even a few of them to be credited to my account so I could finally use the service, they sent a generic nope response. Its wild because they will just loose me to another competitor where Ill pay the subscription and finally explore the software. Theyve lost the possibility of me building with them and I wont recommend them to anyone in my network, especially other startup founders who are bootstrapping since the customer service / lack of awareness is so disrespectful.

    Business Response

    Date: 08/12/2025

    Hi there,

    Thank you for bringing your concerns to our attention. We take all customer feedback seriously and have thoroughly reviewed your account history.

    Your account shows that you initiated a 14-day free trial of our Starter plan on September 29, 2024. Per our standard trial terms, this automatically converted to a paid subscription ($32/month) on October 13, 2024, when the trial period ended without cancellation. You were successfully billed monthly through May 2025 and voluntarily canceled your subscription on June 17, 2025.

    All billing occurred in accordance with our Terms. You had access to your Bubble account and applications throughout the subscription period, and, when you chose to cancel in June 2025, the cancellation was processed immediately with no further charges.

    While we understand your frustration about not actively using our service, we cannot convert past legitimate subscription payments into future service credits. This policy exists because (a) you maintained an active subscription with full platform access for 8 months (b) our terms clearly outline trial conversion and cancellation procedures and (c) converting past payments to future credits would essentially provide free service beyond what was originally purchased.

    We respect your decision to explore other platforms and wish you success with your projects. We've confirmed that your account shows no outstanding balances and your cancellation was processed correctly.

    We are committed to our customers, and we sincerely appreciate you sharing your perspective. While we cannot accommodate requests outside our established policies, we continuously evaluate our processes to better serve our community.

    Best regards,
    Bubble

BBB Business Profiles are provided solely to assist you in exercising your own best judgment. BBB does not verify the accuracy of information provided by third parties, and does not guarantee the accuracy of any information in Business Profiles. As a matter of policy, BBB does not endorse any product, service, or business. Businesses are under no obligation to seek BBB accreditation, and some businesses are not accredited because they have not sought BBB accreditation.

When considering complaint information, please consider the company's size and volume of transactions. Note that the nature of complaints and a company’s responses to them are often more important than the number of complaints. BBB Business Profiles generally cover a three-year reporting period.